Cytogenetic studies were performed on 17 populations of 10 ATRIPLEX SPECIES. The video image analysis system was used for determining karyotype SPECIES. The basic chromosome number was X=9 for all of the populations but their ploidy levels were varied. On the basis of Stebbins’ method, all of populations were placed in symmetric class of 1A, that indicated the symmetrical karyotype (considering inter chromosomal and intra chromosomal). The Results of analysis of variance based on completely randomized design (CRD) proved that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits (p<%1). Using principal component analysis, the first two components justify %98.75 of total variance. In the first component, length of the short arm and total length of chromosome had the highest coefficients of eigen vectors. In the second component centromer index, total form percentage, arm ratio and length of the long arm were the most important part in creating of total variance. By cutting dendrogram resulted from cluster analysis (Ward) in distance 2.87, the populations classified to four classes. The highest metric distance obtained between A.aucheri and A.halimus. There was the lowest distance between A.leucoclada (Yazd) and A.nitens (Haraz1). The diagram of the populations distribution, based on two main components, classified the populations in four separated classes, which was in agree with results of claster analysis. The results of cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on 2 parameters (A1 and A2) in distance 1.83, the populations classified to three classes. The highest distance was obtained between A.aucheri and A.lentiformis (Yazd) which imply the lowest affinity between them. There was the lowest distance between A.micrantha and A.tatarica.

In order to find out plants which are suitable for rehabilitation of deteriorated rangelands of Persian Gulf and Oman sea (Hormozgan province) an experiment was carried out in Sarkhoon fourty kilometres far from north of the Bandarabbas with Annual rainfall of approximately 170 mm. The layout of this experiment was a split plot design with six irrigation period as main factors and three ATRIPLEX SPECIES. Irrigation treatments were as follows: A: Only onetime has been irrigated, B: irrigation every 10 days C: Irrigation every 20 days, D: irrigation every 30 days. E: Irrigation every fourty days, F: irrigation every 60 days. Different ATRIPLEX SPECIES were as follows: a: Atripex lentiformis b: Atripex halimus c: Atripex canescens. According to statistical analysis of the first year there is significant difference at the level of five and one percent between different SPECIES and irrigation treatments. Seedling death percent of SPECIES were recorded for four years but survival of different irrigation periods were few. So results of this experiment were not analysed at the end of experiment course.

Current research focuses on the mechanisms of salt tolerance in ATRIPLEX verrucifera. This SPECIES is native to Iran, and could be used as forage for livestocks. Plants were grown in 20 cm diameter pots in a growth chamber at 25 ± 2°c, and a 16 hour photoperiod. To determine salinity tolerance in growth phase, plants were exposed to 0 (control), 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM NaCl. The experimental design was completely randomized design with 4 replications and 5 treatments To prevent osmotic shock the treatments were done gradually. After 21 days of last salinity treatment, the plants were harvested. Result showed that in ATRIPLEX verrucifera, treatments from 100 to 200 mM NaCl increased fresh and dry mass, relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE) of ATRIPLEX verrucifera increased at 100 to 200 mM NaCl salinity condition compared to the control, but they significantly decreased at high concentration of NaCl. Optimal fresh and dry mass production occurred at a salinity of 200 mM NaCl. The mechanisms of salt tolerance in the plant may be balance among ion accumulation, production of glycinebetaine, proline, soluble sugars and salt excertion for maintenance of pressure potential.

The research was carried out in a split plot experiment based on complete block design with 4 replications, Zahedan, Iran. Stress responses were evaluated in 4 ATRIPLEX SPECIESgrown under 3 salinity levels. The crude protein (CP), ash, Na, K, Cl, Ca and Mg contents of the aboveground (plant shoot) biomass was determined. Dry matter yields of A. leucoclada, A. canescens, A. lentiformis and A. verrucifera were 126.29,75.71,60.70 and 4.18 g/plant respectively. The maximum CP content (3.82%) was achieved in A. canescens, while the highest ash content (29.172%) was obtained from A. verrucifera. The highest Na content (6.052%) was recorded in A. leucoclada. The highest K content (1.991%) was achieved in A. canescens. The highest Cl content (6.157%) was observed in A. verrucifera. Maximum Mg content (1.402%) was obtained in A. verrucifera. The highest Ca content (0.517%) was observed in A. lentiformis. The results showed that the average quantity of ATRIPLEX forage was not affected by different salinity levels. However, there was significant difference between SPECIES. The highest ability for forage production and quality under salinity was obtained in A. leucoclada.

Use of saline and low yield soils for forage production is an important step towards optimal efficacy of low-quality water and soil resources from agricultural point of view. ATRIPLEX canescens and ATRIPLEX verrocifera as drought and salinity tolerent SPECIES, are able to produce forage in saline and low yield soils. To investigate the possibility of establishing and measuring the amount of forage production in saline and low yield soils, and determining the appropriate planting method, two salinity areas (salinity up to 20 ds / m and salinity up to 40 ds/m) were first selected through soil testing. Then in each region, 45 seedlings of each mentioned SPECIES were planted in three replications. The results of the present study showed that the use of ATRIPLEX canescens and ATRIPLEX verrocifera for establishment and forage production is possible in in areas with high salinity (up to 40 ds/m). Analysis of variance of canopy growth and annual production of the mentioned SPECIES showed that in saline lands with a maximum of 40 ds/m, the growth rate of the first year of At. verrosifera was more than At. canescens. But in the region with low salinity, At. canescens growth was more than the other SPECIES. The production amount of established SPECIES shows that the production of At. canescens is more than At. verrusifera. But this difference in salt area is minimized. Therefore, the effect of salinity on the production of At. canescens is tangible and effective. But the production rate of At. verrucifera is more in areas with low salinity. So, this SPECIES has more resistance and tolerance.

In the present study, standard phytochemical method was conducted to identify quality some allelochemical compounds such as saponins, terpenoides, antraquinons, flavonoides, flavons by using 10% condensed aquous extract in distilled water or ethanol solvent of root, stem and leaf organs of ATRIPLEX lentiformis.Then the bioassay experiments were undertaken to evaluate the allelopathic potential of various concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of selected organs by using 10% condensed aquous extract on radicle length, shoot length and germination percentage of Medicago scutellata to form of factorial examination in completely randomized design in the Hydroecology laboratory of Gonbad Kavous University in 2012. The effect of various concentrations of organs on studied parameters, was fitted to regression model. In the phytochemical examinations of the qualitative the allelochemicals of saponins and terpenoids were observed and confirmed while the allelochemicals like antraqouins, flavonoids and flavones were not detected in the studied organs. The bioassay of various concentrations from the selected organs and interaction effect of them showed the significant effect on different parameters of germinations of Medicacagoscutellata at p-value 0.05. The greatest hampering effect was found in the aquous leaf of ATRIPLEX lentiformis as compared with other organs. The germination percentage of the M. scutellata compeletly was hampered by 80 and 100% of leaf organ. The effect of various concentrations on different parameters of germination indicated the highest R- square which was including linear and exponential dependent. The greatest R- square (R2=0.98) was found in aquous extract of root on the radicle length of the studied plant with linear dependent.

In this study, the ability of three rangeland SPECIES ATRIPLEX halimus, A. canescens and A. lentiformis to remove nitrate from soil in vitro (greenhouse) in a completely randomized design was investigated. For this purpose, potassium nitrate salt (KNO3) was used in four treatments control, 6. 3 ppm, 9. 5 ppm and 14. 5 ppm in three repetitions. Plant SPECIES used in this study with an approximate age of 6 months were prepared from the village of Chaparquimeh, Gonbad Kavous city in Golestan province. Selected SPECIES were cultivated in nitrate-contaminated soils with the concentrations mentioned and after a period of three and six months, the amount of dry weight and nitrogen of aerial and underground organs of the SPECIES and the amount of nitrate in the soil were measured. With increasing salt concentration from 6. 3 ppm to 14. 5 ppm, the amount of dry weight of aerial parts in A. canescens has decreased from 28. 31 ppm to 14. 05 ppm, in A. halimus from 28. 83 ppm to 11. 75 ppm and in A. lentiformis from 39. 17 ppm to 16. 05 ppm. A downward trend was observed in the amount of dry weight of underground organs in the studied SPECIES, so that by increasing the salt concentration from 6. 3 ppm to 14. 5 ppm, the amount of underground dry weight in A. canescens from 8. 31 ppm to 5. 05 ppm, in A. halimus from 6. 83 ppm to 4. 75 ppm and in A. lentiformis decreased from 10. 17 ppm to 6. 47 ppm. The results of study showed that the level of soil nitrate removal at different concentrations decreased in all three SPECIES. The percentage of soil nitrate removal efficiency by A. canescens at concentrations of 6. 3 ppm, 9. 5 ppm and 14. 5 ppm is 71%, 52% and 37%, respectively, by A. halimus are reported to be 62%, 45% and 38%, respectively. However, A. lentiformis removed nitrate at a higher level than the other two SPECIES with 80%, 64% and 47%, respectively. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of this contamination in the soil, the phytoremediation capacity of the studied SPECIES decreased and A. lentiformis with high nitrogen storage in its tissues has an effective role in clearing nitrate-contaminated soils.

In this study, germination characters and growth of two halophytic SPECIES ATRIPLEX canescens and A. halimus at different temperature regime and salinity concentrations were investigated. In both SPECIES, germination and growth were decreased with increase of salinity in different temperature regimes. At optimal temperature regime of 25:10, A. canescens seeds showed 82% germination at 0mM NaCl and 14% germination at 500mM NaCl. A. halimus showed 86% and 19% germination at 0mM and 500 mM NaCl, respectively. In both SPECIES, rate of germination decreased with an increase in salinity at all temperature regimes, but most germination rate was obtained at 25:10 regime. The least value of first day germination index showed in both SPECIES, at optimal temperature. Also root length and hypocotyls length decreased with increase in salinity. At high temperature regime, difference between root length and hypocotyls length was less.

Study on phenology of SPECIES is of the most important ecological issues, and it can be a foundation for resource management. Phenology recognition of different rangelands SPECIES is from important matters in grazing management and sustainable utilization of rangelands forage. Without knowing phenology of different SPECIES of a rangeland, it is not possible to determine the grazing season and to manage the livestock grazing. Therefore in order to determine the proper timing of entry and exit of livestock to and from the rangeland, phenology of ATRIPLEX verrucifera as one of the dominant SPECIES in the semi-steppe rangelands of Tez Kharab, Urmia and the soil moisture condition were studied. The interpretation of phenological stages was done using climate data. Results showed that from the last days of May to mid June, and from mid September to late October are the best times to start grazing of the ATRIPLEX verrucifera SPECIES. Also the soil moisture results showed that livestock entrance to the rangeland in mid May will not cause a problem.

In this study, the effect of different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C), and various levels of NaCl (0, 42, 85, 128, 170, 213, 256, 341, 427, 512, .598, mMol) on the germination of seeds of two ATRIPLEX SPECIES - A.nitens [Robent] Schkuhr and A.tatarica (L) Aellen - the speed of germination and salinity tolerance of the seeds were investigated.The results clearly show that distilled water - at 20°C - is the optimal medium for seed germination of both SPECIES, and that higher temperatures will cause significant decrease in the percentage of germination. At a given temperature - ranging from 0°C to 35°C - the percentage of germination at 20°C in distilled water is higher than that recorded for other media containing various levels of NaCl. At all temperatures, increasing salinity reduces seed germination percentage of both SPECIES. Nevertheless, NaCl level of 42 mMol ensures a maximal germination speed at 10°C and 20°C for A.nitens (Robent) Schkuhr and A.tatarica (L.) Aellen, respectively.The increase in salinity will significantly decrease the speed of seed germination. It seems that the seeds of A.nitens are far more sensitive to temperature and salinity variations than those of A.tatarica. Also the increase in temperature decreases salinity tolerance of the seeds of both SPECIES. At higher levels of NaCl, the increase in temperature results in abnormal seedling formation in addition to decreasing the germination percentage and speed.